are softball and badminton grips different

Racquet sport

Badminton

Two Chinese pairs compete in the mixed doubles gold medal match of the 2012 Olympics
Highest governing body	Badminton World Federation
Starting time played	19th century
Characteristics
Contact	None
Team members	Singles or doubles
Mixed-sex	Yes
Type	Racquet sport
Equipment	Shuttlecock, racquet
Presence
Olympic	1992–nowadays
Earth Games	1981

Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a cyberspace. Although it may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players per side). Badminton is oftentimes played as a coincidental outdoor action in a yard or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor courtroom. Points are scored past striking the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it inside the opposing side'southward half of the court.

Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. Play ends once the shuttlecock has struck the flooring or if a mistake has been called by the umpire, service judge, or (in their absence) the opposing side.^[1]

The shuttlecock is a feathered or (in informal matches) plastic projectile which flies differently from the balls used in many other sports. In item, the feathers create much higher elevate, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly. Shuttlecocks also have a high pinnacle speed compared to the balls in other racquet sports. The flying of the shuttlecock gives the sport its distinctive nature.

The game developed in British Bharat from the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. European play came to be dominated past Denmark merely the game has become very popular in Asia, with recent competitions dominated by Cathay. Since 1992, badminton has been a Summer Olympic sport with four events: men'southward singles, women's singles, men'south doubles, and women's doubles,^[2] with mixed doubles added iv years later. At high levels of play, the sport demands excellent fitness: players require aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed, and precision. It is as well a technical sport, requiring good motor coordination and the evolution of sophisticated racquet movements.^[three]

History

Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia,^[a] just the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the expatriate officers of British Republic of india as a variant of the before game of battledore and shuttlecock. ("Battledore" was an older term for "racquet".)^[iv] Its exact origin remains obscure. The proper noun derives from the Duke of Beaufort'south Badminton Firm in Gloucestershire,^[5] but why or when remains unclear. As early as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet entitled Badminton Battledore – A New Game, simply no copy is known to have survived.^[6] An 1863 article in The Cornhill Mag describes badminton as "battledore and shuttlecock played with sides, beyond a cord suspended some v feet from the basis".^[7]

The game originally developed in Bharat amidst the British expatriates,^[8] where it was very pop by the 1870s.^[6] Ball badminton, a form of the game played with a wool ball instead of a shuttlecock, was being played in Thanjavur as early on as the 1850s^[ix] and was at showtime played interchangeably with badminton by the British, the woollen ball being preferred in windy or moisture conditions.

Early on, the game was also known as Poona or Poonah afterward the garrison town of Poona,^{[8] [10]} where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873.^{[6] [7] [b]} By 1875, officers returning home had started a badminton club in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from 1 to four players, but information technology was quickly established that games between two or iv competitors worked the best.^[4] The shuttlecocks were coated with India prophylactic and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with lead.^[iv] Although the depth of the internet was of no result, it was preferred that it should achieve the ground.^[iv]

The sport was played under the Pune rules until 1887, when J. H. E. Hart of the Bathroom Badminton Club drew upwards revised regulations.^[5] In 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules.^{[half dozen]} The Badminton Clan of England (BAE) published these rules in 1893 and officially launched the sport at a business firm called "Dunbar"^[c] in Portsmouth on 13 September.^[12] The BAE started the kickoff badminton contest, the All England Open Badminton Championships for gentlemen's doubles, ladies' doubles, and mixed doubles, in 1899.^[5] Singles competitions were added in 1900 and an England–Ireland championship match appeared in 1904.^[five]

England, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Denmark, France, Republic of ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand were the founding members of the International Badminton Federation in 1934, at present known as the Badminton World Federation. India joined every bit an affiliate in 1936. The BWF at present governs international badminton. Although initiated in England, competitive men's badminton has traditionally been dominated in Europe by Denmark. Worldwide, Asian nations take go dominant in international contest. China, Denmark, Republic of indonesia, Malaysia, Bharat, South korea, Taiwan (playing every bit 'Chinese Taipei') and Japan are the nations which take consistently produced earth-form players in the past few decades, with China existence the greatest strength in men'due south and women'southward competition recently.

The game has likewise become a popular backyard sport in the United States.

Rules

The following information is a simplified summary of badminton rules based on the BWF Statutes publication, Laws of Badminton.^[13]

Court

The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a cyberspace. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although badminton rules permit a court to be marked for singles but.^[13] The doubles courtroom is wider than the singles courtroom, but both are of the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension.

The total width of the court is six.1 metres (20 anxiety), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.xviii metres (17.0 feet). The full length of the courtroom is xiii.four metres (44 feet). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the courtroom, past a short service line at a altitude of 1.98 metres (6 feet 6 inches) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (2 anxiety 6 inches) from the dorsum boundary.

The net is 1.55 metres (v feet i inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (5.00 feet) loftier in the centre. The cyberspace posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even when singles is played.

The minimum height for the ceiling in a higher place the court is not mentioned in the Laws of Badminton. Nonetheless, a badminton court will not be suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.

Serving

The legal bounds of a badminton court during various stages of a rally for singles and doubles games

When the server serves, the shuttlecock must laissez passer over the brusk service line on the opponents' court or it volition count as a error. The server and receiver must remain inside their service courts, without touching the boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. The other ii players may stand wherever they wish, and then long equally they exercise not block the vision of the server or receiver.

At the start of the rally, the server and receiver stand in diagonally opposite service courts (see courtroom dimensions). The server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the receiver's service court. This is similar to tennis, except that in a badminton serve the whole shuttle must be below 1.15 metres from the surface of the courtroom at the instant of being hit by the server'southward noise, the shuttlecock is non allowed to bounce and in badminton, the players stand up inside their service courts, unlike tennis.

When the serving side loses a rally, the server immediately passes to their opponent(s) (this differs from the old organisation where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known as a "2d serve").

In singles, the server stands in their correct service courtroom when their score is fifty-fifty, and in their left service court when their score is odd.

In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the same player continues to serve, simply he/she changes service courts so that she/he serves to a different opponent each time. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is even, the role player in the right service court serves; if odd, the histrion in the left service court serves. The players' service courts are adamant by their positions at the offset of the previous rally, not by where they were standing at the terminate of the rally. A effect of this organisation is that each time a side regains the service, the server volition exist the player who did not serve last time.

Scoring

Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a bespeak whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they served^[13] (this differs from the old system where players could only win a bespeak on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of iii games.

If the score ties at 20–20, so the game continues until one side gains a two-betoken atomic number 82 (such every bit 24–22), except when in that location is a necktie at 29–29, in which the game goes to a gold betoken of thirty. Whoever scores this indicate wins the game.

At the beginning of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing serves first. Alternatively, a money may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive first, or choosing which cease of the court to occupy beginning, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.

In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out of iii: a player or pair must win two games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the outset rally of whatever doubles game, the serving pair may determine who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players change ends at the beginning of the second game; if the match reaches a third game, they change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading player's or pair'due south score reaches 11 points.

Lets

If a let is chosen, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur because of some unexpected disturbance such equally a shuttlecock landing on a courtroom (having been hitting there by players playing in side by side court) or in small halls the shuttle may bear upon an overhead rail which tin be classed as a let.

If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; nonetheless, if the receiver attempts to render the shuttlecock, the receiver shall be judged to have been fix.

Equipment

Badminton rules restrict the design and size of racquets and shuttlecocks.

Racquets

Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing betwixt 70 and 95 grams (2.5 and 3.four ounces) non including grip or strings.^{[14] [15]} They are equanimous of many different materials ranging from carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may exist augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is strong, and gives fantabulous kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of lite metals such every bit aluminium. Earlier still, racquets were made of woods. Cheap racquets are nonetheless often made of metals such as steel, but wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, because of their excessive mass and cost. Nowadays, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene are added to racquets giving them greater durability.^{[ citation needed ]}

At that place is a broad diversity of racquet designs, although the laws limit the racquet size and shape. Dissimilar racquets have playing characteristics that appeal to different players. The traditional oval caput shape is yet available, simply an isometric caput shape is increasingly common in new racquets.

Strings

Badminton strings for racquets are thin, high-performing strings with thicknesses ranging from about 0.62 to 0.73 mm. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players adopt the feel of thinner strings. String tension is commonly in the range of 80 to 160 Northward (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players more often than not string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between 80 and 110 Due north (18 and 25 lbf). Professionals string betwixt about 110 and 160 Northward (25 and 36 lbf). Some cord manufacturers measure the thickness of their strings nether tension then they are actually thicker than specified when slack. Ashaway Micropower is actually 0.7mm just Yonex BG-66 is virtually 0.72mm.

It is often argued that high string tensions improve control, whereas low cord tensions increment power.^[sixteen] The arguments for this mostly rely on crude mechanical reasoning, such equally claiming that a lower tension cord bed is more bouncy and therefore provides more power. This is, in fact, wrong, for a college cord tension tin crusade the shuttle to slide off the racquet and hence brand it harder to hit a shot accurately. An alternative view suggests that the optimum tension for ability depends on the player:^[xiv] the faster and more accurately a player tin swing their racquet, the higher the tension for maximum ability. Neither view has been subjected to a rigorous mechanical analysis, nor is there clear bear witness in favour of one or the other. The most effective mode for a player to detect a good string tension is to experiment.

Grip

The pick of grip allows a actor to increment the thickness of their racquet handle and choose a comfortable surface to concord. A histrion may build upwards the handle with one or several grips before applying the final layer.

Players may choose between a diversity of grip materials. The most common choices are PU synthetic grips or towelling grips. Grip choice is a thing of personal preference. Players oftentimes find that sweat becomes a problem; in this case, a drying amanuensis may be applied to the grip or hands, sweatbands may be used, the actor may choose some other grip material or change their grip more frequently.

There are two master types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker and are often used to increase the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than 1 mm), and are often used every bit the final layer. Many players, still, adopt to use replacement grips as the final layer. Towelling grips are ever replacement grips. Replacement grips accept an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have just a small patch of adhesive at the start of the tape and must exist applied under tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who alter grips oft, considering they may be removed more than quickly without damaging the underlying material.

Shuttlecock

A shuttlecock with a plastic brim

A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; also called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile, with an open up conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with sparse leather or constructed material. Constructed shuttles are oftentimes used by recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or constructed foam base and a plastic skirt.

Badminton rules as well provide for testing a shuttlecock for the correct speed:

3.one: To test a shuttlecock, hit a full underhand stroke that makes contact with the shuttlecock over the back boundary line. The shuttlecock shall be hit at an upward angle and in a direction parallel to the sidelines. 3.two: A shuttlecock of the correct speed will country non less than 530 mm and not more than 990 mm short of the other back purlieus line.

Shoes

Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of rubber or like loftier-grip, not-marking materials.

Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes have niggling lateral support. High levels of lateral back up are useful for activities where lateral movement is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, however, requires powerful lateral movements. A highly built-upwardly lateral back up volition non be able to protect the foot in badminton; instead, it will encourage catastrophic collapse at the betoken where the shoe's back up fails, and the player's ankles are non ready for the sudden loading, which tin cause sprains. For this reason, players should choose badminton shoes rather than full general trainers or running shoes, because proper badminton shoes volition have a very sparse sole, lower a person's eye of gravity, and therefore outcome in fewer injuries. Players should also ensure that they learn prophylactic and proper footwork, with the genu and foot in alignment on all lunges. This is more than just a safety concern: proper footwork is also critical in lodge to move effectively around the courtroom.

Technique

Strokes

Badminton offers a broad diverseness of basic strokes, and players crave a high level of skill to perform all of them effectively. All strokes can be played either forehand or backhand. A thespian's forehand side is the same side as their playing manus: for a correct-handed thespian, the forehand side is their right side and the backhand side is their left side. Forehand strokes are hit with the front of the manus leading (similar hitting with the palm), whereas backhand strokes are striking with the back of the hand leading (like hit with the knuckles). Players frequently play sure strokes on the forehand side with a backhand hitting action, and vice versa.

In the forecourt and midcourt, well-nigh strokes tin exist played equally finer on either the forehand or backhand side; but in the rear court, players will attempt to play every bit many strokes equally possible on their forehands, oft preferring to play a round-the-caput forehand overhead (a forehand "on the backhand side") rather than endeavour a backhand overhead. Playing a backhand overhead has two master disadvantages. Start, the role player must turn their back to their opponents, restricting their view of them and the court. Second, backhand overheads cannot be hit with as much power equally forehands: the striking action is express by the shoulder joint, which permits a much greater range of move for a forehand overhead than for a backhand. The backhand clear is considered past most players and coaches to be the most difficult basic stroke in the game, since the precise technique is needed in guild to muster enough power for the shuttlecock to travel the total length of the court. For the aforementioned reason, backhand smashes tend to be weak.

Position of the shuttlecock and receiving histrion

Japanese player Sayaka Sato prepares for a forehand serve

The option of stroke depends on how near the shuttlecock is to the net, whether it is above net height, and where an opponent is currently positioned: players take much better attacking options if they tin can accomplish the shuttlecock well to a higher place net height, particularly if information technology is as well close to the net. In the forecourt, a loftier shuttlecock will be met with a cyberspace kill, hitting it steeply downwards and attempting to win the rally immediately. This is why it is best to drop the shuttlecock just over the net in this situation. In the midcourt, a high shuttlecock volition ordinarily exist met with a powerful smash, also hitting downwardly and hoping for an outright winner or a weak reply. Athletic spring smashes, where players jump upwards for a steeper smash bending, are a common and spectacular element of elite men'south doubles play. In the rearcourt, players strive to hit the shuttlecock while it is still in a higher place them, rather than allowing it to driblet lower. This overhead hitting allows them to play smashes, clears (hit the shuttlecock loftier and to the back of the opponents' court), and drop shots (hitting the shuttlecock softly so that it falls sharply downwards into the opponents' forecourt). If the shuttlecock has dropped lower, then a nail is impossible and a full-length, high clear is difficult.

Vertical position of the shuttlecock

When the shuttlecock is well below internet pinnacle, players have no pick only to hit up. Lifts, where the shuttlecock is hit upwards to the back of the opponents' court, can be played from all parts of the court. If a role player does not lift, their only remaining option is to button the shuttlecock softly back to the internet: in the forecourt, this is chosen a cyberspace shot; in the midcourt or rear court, it is ofttimes chosen a push or block.

When the shuttlecock is near to cyberspace peak, players can hit drives, which travel apartment and chop-chop over the net into the opponents' rear midcourt and rear court. Pushes may also be striking flatter, placing the shuttlecock into the front midcourt. Drives and pushes may be played from the midcourt or forecourt, and are virtually often used in doubles: they are an endeavor to regain the attack, rather than choosing to lift the shuttlecock and defend confronting smashes. After a successful drive or push, the opponents will often be forced to lift the shuttlecock.

Spin

Balls may be spun to alter their bounce (for instance, topspin and backspin in lawn tennis) or trajectory, and players may slice the ball (strike it with an angled racquet confront) to produce such spin. The shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce, but slicing the shuttlecock does accept applications in badminton. (Run into Basic strokes for an explanation of technical terms.)

• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause information technology to travel in a different direction from the direction suggested by the player's racquet or torso movement. This is used to deceive opponents.
• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause it to follow a slightly curved path (as seen from in a higher place), and the deceleration imparted by the spin causes sliced strokes to dull downward more suddenly towards the end of their flight path. This can be used to create drop shots and smashes that dip more steeply after they pass the net.
• When playing a net shot, slicing underneath the shuttlecock may cause it to plough over itself (tumble) several times as it passes the net. This is called a spinning net shot or tumbling net shot. The opponent will exist unwilling to address the shuttlecock until it has corrected its orientation.

Due to the way that its feathers overlap, a shuttlecock as well has a slight natural spin nearly its axis of rotational symmetry. The spin is in a counter-clockwise direction as seen from above when dropping a shuttlecock. This natural spin affects certain strokes: a tumbling net shot is more than effective if the slicing activity is from right to left, rather than from left to correct.^[17]

Biomechanics

Badminton biomechanics take not been the subject of extensive scientific report, but some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.^[18] Recent guides to the sport thus emphasize forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.^[nineteen]

The feathers impart substantial drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate profoundly over distance. The shuttlecock is besides extremely aerodynamically stable: regardless of initial orientation, it will plough to fly cork-showtime and remain in the cork-outset orientation.

One outcome of the shuttlecock's drag is that it requires considerable ability to hit information technology the total length of the courtroom, which is non the example for almost racquet sports. The elevate too influences the flight path of a lifted (lobbed) shuttlecock: the parabola of its flying is heavily skewed and so that it falls at a steeper angle than it rises. With very loftier serves, the shuttlecock may even fall vertically.

Other factors

When defending against a smash, players have three basic options: lift, block, or bulldoze. In singles, a block to the net is the virtually common respond. In doubles, a lift is the safest option but it usually allows the opponents to continue smashing; blocks and drives are counter-attacking strokes simply may be intercepted past the smasher'due south partner. Many players use a backhand striking action for returning smashes on both the forehand and backhand sides considering backhands are more constructive than forehands at covering smashes directed to the torso. Hard shots directed towards the torso are difficult to defend.

The service is restricted by the Laws and presents its own array of stroke choices. Different in tennis, the server'southward racquet must be pointing in a downwards direction to deliver the serve so normally the shuttle must be striking upwards to pass over the net. The server tin can choose a low serve into the forecourt (similar a push), or a lift to the back of the service court, or a flat drive serve. Lifted serves may be either high serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted so high that it falls nearly vertically at the back of the court, or movie serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted to a lesser height merely falls sooner.

Deception

In one case players have mastered these basic strokes, they can hit the shuttlecock from and to any part of the court, powerfully and softly as required. Beyond the basics, nonetheless, badminton offers rich potential for advanced stroke skills that provide a competitive advantage. Because badminton players have to cover a brusk distance every bit quickly as possible, the purpose of many advanced strokes is to deceive the opponent, then that either they are tricked into assertive that a unlike stroke is being played, or they are forced to delay their movement until they actually sees the shuttle's direction. "Charade" in badminton is oft used in both of these senses. When a player is genuinely deceived, they will oftentimes lose the point immediately because they cannot change their direction quickly plenty to accomplish the shuttlecock. Experienced players volition exist aware of the trick and cautious not to motility too early, simply the attempted deception is however useful because information technology forces the opponent to delay their movement slightly. Confronting weaker players whose intended strokes are obvious, an experienced role player may move before the shuttlecock has been hitting, anticipating the stroke to proceeds an advantage.

Slicing and using a shortened hit action are the two primary technical devices that facilitate charade. Slicing involves hitting the shuttlecock with an angled racquet face, causing it to travel in a different management than suggested by the torso or arm movement. Slicing besides causes the shuttlecock to travel more than slowly than the arm move suggests. For case, a good crosscourt sliced drop shot will use a hitting activity that suggests a straight clear or a nail, deceiving the opponent nearly both the power and management of the shuttlecock. A more than sophisticated slicing action involves brushing the strings around the shuttlecock during the hitting, in order to brand the shuttlecock spin. This can exist used to amend the shuttle's trajectory, by making information technology dip more than rapidly as information technology passes the net; for example, a sliced low serve can travel slightly faster than a normal depression serve, however land on the same spot. Spinning the shuttlecock is also used to create spinning net shots (as well chosen tumbling internet shots), in which the shuttlecock turns over itself several times (tumbles) before stabilizing; sometimes the shuttlecock remains inverted instead of tumbling. The main advantage of a spinning internet shot is that the opponent volition be unwilling to accost the shuttlecock until it has stopped tumbling, since hitting the feathers volition issue in an unpredictable stroke. Spinning cyberspace shots are especially important for high-level singles players.

The lightness of modern racquets allows players to use a very short hit action for many strokes, thereby maintaining the pick to hit a powerful or a soft stroke until the terminal possible moment. For example, a singles player may concord their racquet ready for a internet shot, just then flick the shuttlecock to the back instead with a shallow elevator when they discover the opponent has moved before the actual shot was played. A shallow lift takes less time to reach the ground and as mentioned to a higher place a rally is over when the shuttlecock touches the ground. This makes the opponent'due south task of covering the whole courtroom much more difficult than if the lift was hit higher and with a bigger, obvious swing. A short hitting action is not only useful for deception: it also allows the thespian to hit powerful strokes when they have no time for a big arm swing. A big arm swing is too usually not advised in badminton because bigger swings make it more hard to recover for the next shot in fast exchanges. The employ of grip tightening is crucial to these techniques, and is often described as finger ability. Elite players develop finger power to the extent that they can hitting some power strokes, such as net kills, with less than a 10 centimetres (iv inches) racquet swing.

It is also possible to reverse this mode of deception, past suggesting a powerful stroke earlier slowing down the striking action to play a soft stroke. In general, this latter style of deception is more than common in the rear courtroom (for example, drop shots bearded as smashes), whereas the erstwhile style is more common in the forecourt and midcourt (for case, lifts disguised as cyberspace shots).

Deception is non express to slicing and brusk hitting actions. Players may likewise use double motion, where they make an initial racquet movement in i direction earlier withdrawing the racquet to hit in another direction. Players will often do this to send opponents in the wrong direction. The racquet movement is typically used to suggest a straight bending just and so play the stroke crosscourt, or vice versa. Triple movement is also possible, simply this is very rare in actual play. An alternative to double motion is to use a racquet head false, where the initial motion is connected but the racquet is turned during the hit. This produces a smaller change in direction but does not require as much time.

Strategy

To win in badminton, players need to employ a wide diverseness of strokes in the right situations. These range from powerful jumping smashes to delicate tumbling net returns. Often rallies finish with a nail, merely setting upward the smash requires subtler strokes. For example, a cyberspace shot tin strength the opponent to lift the shuttlecock, which gives an opportunity to nail. If the internet shot is tight and tumbling, and then the opponent'southward lift will not attain the back of the court, which makes the subsequent smash much harder to return.

Deception is also important. Skilful players prepare for many different strokes that wait identical and use slicing to deceive their opponents about the speed or direction of the stroke. If an opponent tries to conceptualize the stroke, they may move in the incorrect direction and may be unable to alter their body momentum in fourth dimension to accomplish the shuttlecock.

Singles

Since i person needs to cover the unabridged courtroom, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move equally much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court. Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drib shots and net shots. Smashing tends to be less prominent in singles than in doubles considering the smasher has no partner to follow upwardly their effort and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed return. Moreover, frequent smashing tin be exhausting in singles where the conservation of a player'due south free energy is at a premium. Notwithstanding, players with strong smashes volition sometimes use the shot to create openings, and players unremarkably smash weak returns to try to finish rallies.

In singles, players volition often start the rally with a forehand high serve or with a pic serve. Depression serves are besides used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Drive serves are rare.

At high levels of play, singles demand boggling fitness. Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, different the all-out aggression of doubles.^[20]

Doubles

Both pairs volition try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when the opportunity arises. Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an platonic attacking formation with one role player hitting downwardly from the rear court, and their partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the elevator. If the rear court attacker plays a driblet shot, their partner volition move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply. If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack. If a pair is forced to elevator or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they volition adopt a side-past-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their courtroom against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players by and large smash to the middle ground between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.

At loftier levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves take become adequately rare at a high level of play. The straight depression serve is used nearly frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the set on immediately. Moving picture serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.

At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men'southward doubles are the most ambitious grade of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges. Because of this, spectator involvement is sometimes greater for men'south doubles than for singles.

Mixed doubles

The 2012 Olympic mixed doubles final in London

In mixed doubles, both pairs typically endeavor to maintain an attacking germination with the woman at the forepart and the man at the dorsum. This is because the male person players are usually substantially stronger, and tin, therefore, produce smashes that are more than powerful. As a result, mixed doubles crave greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play. Clever opponents will try to reverse the platonic position, past forcing the woman towards the back or the man towards the front. In guild to protect against this danger, mixed players must exist conscientious and systematic in their shot choice.^[21]

At high levels of play, the formations will mostly be more than flexible: the acme women players are capable of playing powerfully from the back-court, and volition happily do so if required. When the opportunity arises, however, the pair volition switch dorsum to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in front and men in the back.

Organization

Governing bodies

The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing body of the sport responsible for the regulation of tournaments and approaching fair play. V regional confederations are associated with the BWF:

• Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)
• Africa: Badminton Confederation of Africa (BCA)
• Americas: Badminton Pan Am (North America and South America vest to the same confederation; BPA)
• Europe: Badminton Europe (Be)
• Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

Competitions

A men's doubles lucifer. The blue lines are those for the badminton court. The other coloured lines denote uses for other sports – such complication being common in multi-use sports halls.

The BWF organizes several international competitions, including the Thomas Cup, the premier men'south international team event first held in 1948–1949, and the Uber Cup, the women's equivalent start held in 1956–1957. The competitions at present take identify once every 2 years. More than 50 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within continental confederations for a identify in the finals. The last tournament involves 12 teams, following an increase from eight teams in 2004. It was farther increased to 16 teams in 2012.^[22]

The Sudirman Cup, a gender-mixed international team event held once every two years, began in 1989. Teams are divided into seven levels based on the performance of each state. To win the tournament, a country must perform well beyond all five disciplines (men's doubles and singles, women's doubles and singles, and mixed doubles). Like association football (soccer), it features a promotion and relegation organisation at every level. Still, the system was concluding used in 2009 and teams competing will now exist grouped by earth rankings.^[23]

Badminton was a demonstration upshot at the 1972 and 1988 Summer Olympics. It became an official Summer Olympic sport at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 and its golden medals at present generally rate as the sport'south nigh coveted prizes for private players.

In the BWF World Championships, first held in 1977, currently only the highest-ranked 64 players in the world, and a maximum of four from each land can participate in whatsoever category. In both the Olympic and BWF World competitions restrictions on the number of participants from whatever one state have acquired some controversy considering they sometimes event in excluding elite earth level players from the strongest badminton nations. The Thomas, Uber, and Sudirman Cups, the Olympics, and the BWF World (and World Junior Championships), are all categorized every bit level one tournaments.

At the start of 2007, the BWF introduced a new tournament construction for the highest level tournaments aside from those in level one: the BWF Super Series. This level two tournament series, a tour for the world'due south elite players, stage twelve open tournaments around the earth with 32 players (half the previous limit). The players collect points that determine whether they tin play in Super Serial Finals held at the year-cease. Amongst the tournaments in this serial is the venerable All-England Championships, showtime held in 1900, which was in one case considered the unofficial world championships of the sport.^[24]

Level three tournaments consist of Grand Prix Gold and M Prix upshot. Top players can collect the world ranking points and enable them to play in the BWF Super Series open tournaments. These include the regional competitions in Asia (Badminton Asia Championships) and Europe (European Badminton Championships), which produce the earth's best players too as the Pan America Badminton Championships.

The level four tournaments, known as International Challenge, International Serial, and Future Series, encourage participation by junior players.^[25]

Comparing with tennis

Badminton is frequently compared to lawn tennis due to several qualities. The following is a list of manifest differences:

• Scoring: In badminton, a match is played best ii of 3 games, with each game played upward to 21 points. In tennis a match is played best of 3 or five sets, each set consisting of 6 games and each game ends when one player wins four points or wins two sequent points at deuce points. If both teams are tied at "game point", they must play until one team achieves a two-point advantage. Nevertheless, at 29–all, whoever scores the golden point volition win. In tennis, if the score is tied 6–6 in a set, a tiebreaker will be played, which ends one time a player reaches seven points or when one player has a two-signal advantage.
• In lawn tennis, the ball may bounce once earlier the point ends; in badminton, the rally ends in one case the shuttlecock touches the floor.
• In tennis, the serve is dominant to the extent that the server is expected to win most of their service games (at advanced level & onwards); a intermission of service, where the server loses the game, is of major importance in a lucifer. In badminton, a server has far less an advantage and is unlikely to score an ace (unreturnable serve).
• In tennis, the server has ii chances to hit a serve into the service box; in badminton, the server is immune simply one attempt.
• A tennis court is approximately twice the length and width of a badminton courtroom.
• Lawn tennis racquets are almost iv times as heavy equally badminton racquets, 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) versus ii to 3 ounces (57 to 85 grams).^{[26] [27]} Tennis balls are more 11 times heavier than shuttlecocks, 57 grams (2.0 ounces) versus 5 grams (0.xviii ounces).^{[28] [29]}
• The fastest recorded lawn tennis stroke is Samuel Groth'south 163.4 miles per hr (263 kilometres per hour) serve,^[30] whereas the fastest badminton stroke during gameplay was Mads Pieler Kolding's 264.7 miles per hr (426 kilometres per hour) recorded boom at a Badminton Premier League friction match.^[31]

Statistics such as the smash speed, higher up, prompt badminton enthusiasts to brand other comparisons that are more contentious. For example, it is often claimed that badminton is the fastest racquet sport.^[32] Although badminton holds the tape for the fastest initial speed of a racquet sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates substantially faster than other projectiles such every bit tennis balls. In turn, this qualification must be qualified by consideration of the distance over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a tennis ball during a serve.

While fans of badminton and lawn tennis ofttimes claim that their sport is the more physically demanding, such comparisons are hard to make objectively because of the differing demands of the games. No formal study currently exists evaluating the physical condition of the players or demands during gameplay.

Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton racquets allow badminton players to brand employ of the wrist and fingers much more than lawn tennis players; in tennis, the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury. For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racquet swing: for some strokes such as internet kills, an elite player'due south swing may be less than 5 centimetres (2 inches). For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racquet swing will rarely be every bit long as a typical tennis swing.

See as well

• Ball badminton
• Hanetsuki
• List of racquet sports
• Speed badminton

Notes

1. ^ Other related sports include Hanetsuki, which originated in Nippon.
2. ^ Confronting this, Downey claims that the beginning rules were drawn up at Karachi in 1877.^[xi]
3. ^ 6 Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England.^[12]

1. ^ Boga (2008).
2. ^ "Olympic Badminton The Olympic Journey". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
3. ^ Grice (2008).
4. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1878).
5. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1911).
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Adams (1980).
7. ^ ^{a b} "badminton, northward.", Oxford English Lexicon
8. ^ ^{a b} Guillain (2004), p. 47.
9. ^ "About Game", Brawl Badminton Federation of India, 2008, archived from the original on 7 July 2011, retrieved 7 July 2011
10. ^ Connors, et al. (1991), p. 195.
11. ^ Downey (1982), p. 13.
12. ^ ^{a b} "The History of Badminton: Foundation of the BAE and Codification of the Rules", World Badminton
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Laws of Badminton". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on viii January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
14. ^ ^{a b} Kwun (28 Feb 2005). "Badminton Central Guide to choosing Badminton Equipment". BadmintonCentral.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
15. ^ "SL-70". Karakal. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.
16. ^ "String tension relating to ability and command". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 28 Oct 2007.
17. ^ "The Spin Physician", Power & Precision Magazine, July 2006
18. ^ Kim (2002).
19. ^ "Badminton Technique", Badminton England "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved vi Dec 2015. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
20. ^ "Rules of Badminton". Retrieved xiii June 2017.
21. ^ Kumekawa, Eugene (21 March 2014). "Badminton Strategies and Tactics for the Novice and Recreational Player". BadmintonPlanet.
22. ^ "Thomas and Uber Cups increased to 16 teams". sportskeeda.com. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
23. ^ Sachetat, Raphaël. "Sudirman Cup to Change Format". Badzine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
24. ^ "Badminton Federation Announces 12-event Serial", International Herald Tribune, Associated Press, 23 September 2006, archived from the original on 25 September 2015, retrieved 25 October 2008 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
25. ^ "New Tournament Structure", International Badminton Federation, 20 July 2006, archived from the original on 29 September 2007 .
26. ^ "What is the platonic weight for a tennis racquet?". Nearly.com. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
27. ^ "The contribution of applied science on badminton rackets". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
28. ^ Azeez, Shefiu (2000). "Mass of a Lawn tennis Ball". Hypertextbook.
29. ^ Grand. McCreary, Kathleen (5 May 2005). "A Study of the Motion of a Free Falling Shuttlecock" (PDF). The College of Wooster. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. http://physics.wooster.edu/JrIS/Files/McCreary.pdf
30. ^ "Aussie smashes tennis serve speed record". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
31. ^ "Fastest badminton hit in competition (male)". Retrieved viii July 2019.
32. ^ "WHAT IS BADMINTON". Badminton Oceania . Retrieved xviii February 2022.

References

• Adams, Bernard (1980), The Badminton Story, BBC Books, ISBN0563164654
• Boga, Steve (2008), Badminton, Manus Prints, ISBN978-1439504789
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Badminton (game)", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge Academy Printing, p. 189
• Connors, M.; Dupuis, D.L.; Morgan, B. (1991), The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Wintertime and Summer Games, Visible Ink Press, ISBN0-8103-9417-0 .
• Downey, Jake (1982), Better Badminton for All, Pelham Books, ISBN978-0-7207-1438-8 .
• Grice, Tony (2008), Badminton: Steps to Success, Man Kinetics, ISBN978-0-7360-7229-8
• Guillain, Jean-Yves (2004), Badminton: An Illustrated History, Publibook, ISBN2-7483-0572-8
• Jones, Henry (1878), "Badminton", in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner'southward Sons, p. 228
• Kim, Wangdo (2002), An Analysis of the Biomechanics of Arm Motion During a Badminton Smash (PDF), Nanyang Technological University, archived from the original on two October 2008 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).

External links

• Badminton at Curlie
• Badminton Globe Federation
  • Laws of Badminton
  • Simplified Rules
• Badminton Asia Confederation
• Badminton Pan Am
• Badminton Oceania
• Badminton Europe
• Badminton Confederation of Africa

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